Under the background of “comprehensive ideological and political education”, experimental teaching, as an important link connecting theory and practice in new engineering majors, plays an irreplaceable role in professional education and the construction of ideological and political elements in courses. Taking “Engineering Finite Element and Numerical Calculation,” a core course for undergraduates majoring in mechanical engineering, as an example, this paper focuses on the course training objectives and the fundamental task of fostering virtue through education. It organically integrates theoretical knowledge, practical engineering problems, cutting-edge technological development and ideological and political elements, and constructs a reform of the “learning-practice-research” progressive ideological and political teaching mode in experimental courses. The reform of the “combination of learning and thinking” experimental teaching mode integrates value guidance into knowledge imparting; the design of the “integration of practice and thinking” experimental links cultivates students’ engineering practice ability while enhancing their sense of engineering ethics and professional responsibility; the reform of the “integration of research and thinking” experimental content guides students to be brave in innovation and continuous exploration through scientific research project training. Through the analysis of the achievement degree of course and ideological and political objectives, as well as teaching evaluation, the effectiveness of the teaching reform is verified, which provides a referential implementation path and practical experience for the construction of ideological and political elements in “new engineering” experimental courses.