Against the backdrop of the comprehensive advancement of the “New Rural Science” initiative and the deepening implementation of the fundamental task of moral education in higher education, the cultivation of veterinary medicine professionals faces new developmental opportunities and contemporary challenges. As a core course with strong practicality and stringent technical requirements in veterinary medicine, “Veterinary Surgery” serves not only as the primary platform for imparting surgical techniques but also as a crucial vehicle for shaping students ‘professional ethics, humanistic literacy, and patriotic sentiments. Based on teaching practices at local institutions, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the ideological and political elements embedded in “Veterinary Surgery,” systematically elaborating on the implementation pathways of curriculum-based ideological and political education from dimensions such as value guidance, element exploration, integration approaches, and innovative teaching methods. The practical outcomes demonstrate that this teaching reform has effectively enhanced students’ professional competencies and comprehensively strengthened teachers’ educational capabilities, providing a replicable practical paradigm for cultivating high-quality veterinary professionals with well-rounded development in moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetic, and labor education.