To address the shortage of local talents and mismatched training systems faced by Chinese enterprises in overseas infrastructure projects, this paper takes the technical and vocational training system for overseas civil engineering personnel as the research object. Based on a review of domestic and international research and practices, it systematically analyzes key challenges in developing such a system, including large gaps between Chinese and foreign standards, misalignment between local talent supply and project demand, fragmented and unintegrated resources, and difficulties in cross‑cultural adaptation. Following the research framework of “theoretical method – case practice”, this study proposes four practical pathways: aligning standards, optimizing models, integrating resources, and improving mechanisms. The effectiveness of these pathways is verified using cases from the China–Laos Railway and Jakarta–Bandung High‑Speed Railway projects. The findings provide theoretical support and replicable practical models for high‑quality localized skills training in overseas civil engineering projects and for enhancing the international competitiveness of enterprises.