As an important part of the future energy system, hydrogen energy holds significant strategic significance in promoting energy structure transformation and achieving the “dual carbon” goals. University chemistry courses are the core carrier for cultivating scientific and technological talents in the hydrogen energy field, and their teaching content and methods are directly related to students’ knowledge mastery and the development of innovative capabilities. However, current hydrogen energy teaching in universities still faces problems such as fragmented content, insufficient depth, and disconnection between theory and practice, making it difficult to meet the talent demand amid the rapid development of the hydrogen energy industry. This paper first analyzes the main existing problems of hydrogen energy teaching in university chemistry courses, then proposes optimization strategies from aspects such as constructing a systematic and complete hydrogen energy knowledge system, innovating teaching methods, and strengthening practical teaching links. Meanwhile, combined with the development trend of educational digitalization, it explores the empowering role of artificial intelligence (AI) in hydrogen energy teaching, including intelligent knowledge system construction, AI-driven teaching model innovation, and the expansion of industry-education integration practice systems, providing new ideas for improving the quality of university hydrogen energy education. The research argues that, on the premise of ensuring scientific and basic teaching, cutting-edge, interdisciplinary integration, and intelligent educational concepts should be integrated to comprehensively enhance students’ theoretical literacy, engineering awareness, and scientific research innovation capabilities. The strategies proposed in this paper have certain reference value for promoting the construction of hydrogen energy talent training systems and supporting the high-quality development of the hydrogen energy industry.