In the era of intelligent digitalization, technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and virtual simulation have profoundly reshaped the ecosystem of fashion design education. The textile and apparel industry’s pursuit of green, low-carbon, and intelligent development continues to drive a systematic transformation in the knowledge structure, pedagogical approaches, and talent-training models of fashion design programs. Traditional fashion design education centered on skill training alone can no longer meet the future fashion industry’s demand for digital-intelligence-driven, interdisciplinary, sustainability-oriented, innovative talent. Taking university-level courses in Garment Construction as a case study, this paper explores the reconstruction of sustainable teaching pathways and systemic reform of technical courses supported by 3D virtual simulation technology. Through literature review and pedagogical practice, the study elaborates on a three-dimensional framework of sustainable teaching objectives, encompassing knowledge, skills, and values, across the dimensions of curriculum philosophy, learning goals, and technological support. It further proposes a curriculum transformation strategy centered on the “logic of sustainable garment structure design for the future” and establishes a five-dimensional integrated teaching model as an implementation framework. The findings reveal that the integration of 3D virtual simulation technology not only optimizes material utilization and enhances process visualization in garment technology instruction but also fosters students’ coordinated development in structural cognition, design innovation, and sustainability awareness. This study provides a systematic model and practical reference for the diversified and sustainable reform of Garment Construction courses, offering valuable insights into promoting the green transformation and digital-intelligent integration of fashion education.